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The Woodland Education Centre
The Heathland Restoration Project
Trialling different methods of management
for heathland restoration.
Contents |

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Plant Species
List, by Section
with a comparison of species abundance,
measured as percentage frequency.
Summary
Percentage frequency = the percentage of the total
number of quadrats sampled over the whole site which contain the species. For example, a
percentage frequency of 100%, means that the species was found in all quadrats sampled.
Percentage frequencies have been rounded to the
nearest whole number, except for those which are less than 1%.
A + sign indicates that the species was seen on the
site, but was not found in any of the quadrats sampled.
- Characteristic heath species are in bold text.
Site diagram and summary of section management
methods here |
SPECIES |
COMMON NAME |
|
% Freq |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MOSSES |
Section Number |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
| Atrichum undulatum |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
4 |
11 |
9 |
| Campylopus atrovirens |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
| Campylopus introflexus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
| * Campylopus paradoxus. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
| Eurhynchium praelongum |
|
91 |
70 |
47 |
25 |
69 |
94 |
75 |
64 |
41 |
| * Hypnum jutlandicum |
|
10 |
29 |
|
|
13 |
7 |
7 |
54 |
53 |
| Isothecium myurum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
0.5 |
|
| Plagiothecium denticulatum |
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
| Polytrichum formosum |
|
22 |
32 |
7 |
|
7 |
29 |
72 |
57 |
68 |
| Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
12 |
| Thuidium tamarascinum |
|
41 |
54 |
22 |
13 |
53 |
43 |
47 |
32 |
65 |
| FERNS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Blechnum spicant |
Hard Fern |
16 |
4 |
+ |
9 |
+ |
|
7 |
4 |
18 |
| Dryopteris carthusiana |
Narrow Buckler Fern |
35 |
22 |
7 |
4 |
7 |
|
|
|
3 |
| Dryopteris felix-mas |
Male Fern |
|
|
4 |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Polypodium vulgare |
Common Polypody |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Pteridium aquilinum |
Bracken |
29 |
|
|
|
|
4 |
+ |
15 |
18 |
| ANGIOSPERMS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| LILIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyacinthoides non-scripta |
Bluebell |
63 |
29 |
83 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
| GRAMINAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Agrostis canina |
Velvet Bent |
|
29 |
7 |
4 |
|
23 |
39 |
29 |
21 |
| * Agrostis capillaris |
Common Bent |
100 |
97 |
97 |
100 |
16 |
100 |
43 |
90 |
35 |
| * Agrostis curtisii |
Bristle Bent |
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
6 |
| Agrostis stolonifera |
Creeping Bent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
| Agrostis vinealis |
Brown Bent |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
| Anisantha sterilis |
Barren Brome |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Anthoxanthum odoratum |
Sweet Vernal Grass |
|
22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
| Arrhenatherum elatius |
False Oat Grass |
|
18 |
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dactylis glomerata |
Cocksfoot |
|
|
+ |
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
| Holcus lanatus |
Yorkshire Fog |
91 |
93 |
68 |
88 |
|
97 |
47 |
22 |
12 |
| Molinia caerulea |
Purple Moor-grass |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
| CYPERACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Carex binervis |
Green-ribbed Sedge |
|
|
|
|
10 |
27 |
32 |
82 |
18 |
| Carex flacca |
Glaucous Sedge |
|
|
7 |
21 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
| Carex flava agg. |
Yellow Sedges |
|
4 |
40 |
|
|
13 |
18 |
+ |
|
| Carex laevigata |
Smooth-stalked Sedge |
10 |
7 |
4 |
25 |
|
23 |
7 |
|
18 |
| * Carex pilulifera |
Pill Sedge |
3 |
7 |
7 |
|
|
27 |
4 |
22 |
41 |
| Carex sylvatica |
Wood Sedge |
3 |
7 |
7 |
39 |
7 |
|
18 |
|
|
| JUNCACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Juncus acutiflorus |
Sharp-flowered Rush |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
| Juncus conglomeratus |
Compact Rush |
10 |
15 |
18 |
58 |
10 |
|
15 |
11 |
21 |
| * Juncus effusus |
Soft Rush |
|
7 |
|
|
|
7 |
14 |
|
6 |
| * Luzula campestris |
Field Woodrush |
|
14 |
7 |
|
|
54 |
36 |
7 |
|
| * Luzula multiflora |
Heath Woodrush |
7 |
|
|
|
|
17 |
|
18 |
|
| Luzula pilosa |
Hairy Woodrush |
10 |
11 |
11 |
4 |
|
|
|
11 |
6 |
| RANUNCULACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ranunculus repens |
Creeping Buttercup |
|
4 |
7 |
17 |
|
23 |
|
|
|
| HYPERICACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hypericum androsaemum |
Tutsan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
| Hypericum perforatum |
Perforate St John's-wort |
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
| * Hypericum pulchrum |
Slender St
Johns-Wort |
|
11 |
18 |
17 |
3 |
52 |
18 |
68 |
12 |
| VIOLACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Viola riviniana |
Common Dog-violet |
7 |
47 |
86 |
88 |
3 |
94 |
32 |
22 |
3 |
| OXALIDACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Oxalis acetosella |
Wood Sorrel |
22 |
14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| PAPILIONACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lotus pedunculatus |
Greater Birds Foot Trefoil |
|
+ |
57 |
42 |
3 |
49 |
7 |
4 |
|
| * Ulex europaeus |
Common Gorse |
|
15 |
7 |
17 |
97 |
27 |
72 |
57 |
47 |
| * Ulex gallii |
Western Gorse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
+ |
| ROSACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fragaria vesca |
Wild Strawberry |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
| * Potentilla erecta |
Tormentil |
7 |
+ |
4 |
+ |
|
4 |
4 |
22 |
3 |
| Potentilla sterilis |
Barren Strawberry |
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Prunus sp. |
Cherry |
+ |
|
4 |
4 |
10 |
13 |
14 |
29 |
27 |
| * Rubus fruticosus agg |
Bramble |
48 |
75 |
86 |
71 |
100 |
13 |
65 |
57 |
91 |
| Rubus idaeus |
Raspberry |
7 |
7 |
57 |
42 |
17 |
4 |
4 |
|
|
| Sorbus aucuparia |
Rowan |
|
7 |
18 |
17 |
|
|
7 |
4 |
3 |
| ONAGRACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chamaenerion angustifolium |
Rosebay Willowherb |
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Circaea lutetiana |
Enchanters Nightshade |
19 |
11 |
|
17 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Epilobium montanum |
Broad-leaved Willowherb |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
| AQUIFOLIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ilex aquifolium |
Holly |
|
4 |
+ |
|
+ |
|
|
4 |
|
| ARALIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hedera helix |
Ivy |
16 |
36 |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
6 |
| FAGACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Castanea sativa |
Sweet Chestnut |
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
| Fagus sylvatica. |
Beech |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
| Quercus sp. |
Oak |
3 |
7 |
18 |
|
+ |
|
|
+ |
|
| BETULACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Betula pendula |
Silver Birch |
10 |
+ |
25 |
29 |
35 |
16 |
47 |
32 |
71 |
| CORYLACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Corylus avellana |
Hazel |
|
|
+ |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
| SALICACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Salix aurita |
Eared Willow |
3 |
|
+ |
4 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
| Salix caprea agg. |
Goat Willow/Great Sallow |
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
+ |
3 |
| ACERACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Acer pseudoplanatus |
Sycamore |
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
|
|
|
| OLEACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fraxinus excelsior |
Ash |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ |
|
| ERICACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| * Calluna vulgaris |
Heather (Ling) |
|
|
|
+ |
3 |
17 |
57 |
57 |
68 |
| * Erica cinerea |
Bell Heather |
|
+ |
|
+ |
|
4 |
25 |
15 |
6 |
| Rhododendron ponticum |
Rhododendron |
+ |
|
|
+ |
3 |
|
7 |
|
3 |
| PRIMULACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lysimachia nemorum |
Yellow Pimpernel |
3 |
57 |
54 |
75 |
|
13 |
4 |
+ |
3 |
| Primula vulgaris |
Primrose |
|
|
11 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
| SCROPHULARIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Digitalis purpurea |
Foxglove |
3 |
7 |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Scrophularia nodosa |
Common Figwort |
|
|
|
4 |
+ |
4 |
|
|
|
| Veronica chamaedrys |
Germander Speedwell |
|
|
11 |
38 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Veronica montana |
Wood Speedwell |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Veronica officinalis |
Heath Speedwell |
|
11 |
32 |
25 |
|
75 |
14 |
15 |
|
| LABIATEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ajuga reptans |
Bugle |
|
7 |
40 |
58 |
36 |
64 |
7 |
4 |
|
| Stachys sylvatica |
Hedge Woundwort |
|
4 |
33 |
42 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Teucrium scorodonia |
Wood Sage |
13 |
36 |
18 |
9 |
+ |
29 |
+ |
|
|
| CAPRIFOLIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lonicera periclymenum |
Honeysuckle |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| RUBIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Galium palustre agg. |
Marsh Bedstraw |
|
4 |
15 |
17 |
3 |
7 |
|
|
|
| COMPOSITAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Arctium minus |
Lesser Burdock |
|
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cirsium arvense |
Field Thistle |
|
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
+ |
+ |
| Cirsium palustre |
Marsh Thistle |
+ |
|
7 |
+ |
3 |
42 |
4 |
+ |
|
| Eupatorium cannabinum |
Hemp-agrimony |
3 |
|
4 |
+ |
3 |
|
|
4 |
|
| Hypochoeris radicata |
Cats Ear |
|
|
11 |
+ |
|
45 |
14 |
18 |
|
| Leontodon autumnalis |
Autumn Hawkbit |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
4 |
|
| Senecio jacobaea |
Ragwort |
|
|
|
+ |
|
4 |
4 |
+ |
|
| Taraxacum officinale agg. |
Dandelion |
|
|
4 |
4 |
|
10 |
|
4 |
|
| Number of Species |
|
39 |
46 |
52 |
47 |
32 |
42 |
42 |
48 |
46 |
| Number of Quadrats |
|
24 |
21 |
21 |
18 |
24 |
23 |
21 |
21 |
34 |
| Mean No. species per quadrat |
|
8 |
10 |
12 |
11 |
6 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
9 |
| Summary .... the data at a glance.
1.
Total number of different plant species recorded in all sections:
92
species |
2. The dominant plants
across the whole project area:
Eurhynchium praelongum
Thuidium tamarascinum
Polytrichum formosum
Bluebell - Hyacinthoides non-scripta
Common Bent - Agrostis capillaris
Yorkshire Fog - Holcus lanatus
Bramble - Rubus fruticosus agg.
Silver Birch - Betula
pendula
Common Dog-violet - Viola riviniana
European Gorse - Ulex europaeus
Slender St John's Wort - Hypericum pulchrum
Heather - Calluna vulgaris
Yellow Pimpernel - Lysimachia nemorum
Bugle - Ajuga reptans |
3. Plants occurring across
in every section of the Heathland Restoration Project site:
Only 6 plants
were found in every single section on the site. These were:
Mosses:
Eurhynchium praelongum
Thuidium tamarascinum |
Grasses:
Common Bent - Agrostis capillaris
|
Herbs:
Violet - Viola riviniana
|
Shrubs:
Bramble - Rubus fruticosus agg.
|
Trees:
Silver Birch - Betula pendula
|
|
4. The sections closest to a
heathland habitat:
Section
7 (spring brushcut, initial gorse and grass control)
Section 8 (autumn brushcut, initial selective weed control)
Section 9 (handweeding)
This is based on these sections
having the greatest abundance of heath species such as Heather,
Bell Heather, gorse, bramble, Tormentil, Silver
Birch, Pill Sedge, Bristle Bent and mosses such as
Hypnum jutlandicum. |
5. Rhododendron is present
in over half of the sections:
This highly invasive non-native species
which formerly covered the Heathland Restoration Project site is gradually appearing
again. There is a constant source of reinfestation from the seed bank in the soil which
will contain millions of seeds. Without the control provided by the brushcutting regimes,
within the space of one or two decades at the most, rhododendron would once more dominate
the area. |
6. Sections containing the
most remnant woodland species:
 |
Sections 1- 4. These sections are the ones most influenced by adjacent
woodland. This leads to marked differences in microclimate in this region of the Heathland
Restoration project (cooler, shadier, more humid).
Woodland species concentrated in
this area include: Bluebells (visible left), Wood Sorrel, Wood Speedwell, Enchanters Nightshade and Oak. |
The project site was
formerly covered in conifer woodland with a rhododendron understory. It is bounded by
deciduous woodland to the west, with small areas also to the east. The site's wooded
history and the adjacent woodland habitat means that there is a constant source of seed
from woodland species both fresh each year, as well as remaining in the seedbank in the
soil. |
7. The section with the
highest species diversity:
Section 3 (autumn brushcut) |
8. The section with the
lowest species diversity:
 |
Section 5 (control strip - no
management) This section is dominated by gorse, bramble and tree saplings which shade out
many of the other smaller plants. |
|
>> Continue to Section Descriptions
|